Definition  Stroke is defined as sudden onset of a neurologic deficit from a vascular mechanism. 85% of strokes are ischemic and 15% are primary hemorrhages (Subarachnoid and Intraparenchymal).  Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are episodes of stroke symptoms that resolve rapidly, lasting fewer than 24

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Alcohol Withdrawal / Delirium tremens   Delirium tremens: The criteria for withdrawal delirium are delirium (a rapid-onset fluctuating disturbance of attention and cognition, sometimes with hallucinations) plus alcohol withdrawal.   Clinical features: Most common signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal

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Sub-Arachnoid Hemorrhage    Aneurysms occur most frequently at the bifurcations of the basal cerebral arteries, implying a hemodynamic effect to the vessel wall. Almost all of the SAH is due to ruptured berry aneurysms. Other important causes include trauma, cocaine abuse, AV

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Sedation   BIS Monitor:  It is used to monitor the depth of sedation or anesthesia. BIS index is a practical processed EEG parameter that measures the direct effects of sedatives on brain.  Used mainly in paralyzed patients who can’t communicate and

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Meningitis:  The meninges consist of three parts: the pia, arachnoid, and dura maters. Bacterial meningitis reflects infection of the arachnoid mater and the CSF in both the subarachnoid space and the cerebral ventricles.     Etiology:  Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and, less often,

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                         Encephalitis:    Encephalitis is defined by the presence of an inflammatory process of the brain in association with clinical evidence of neurologic dysfunction.    It is important to distinguish between infectious encephalitis and post infectious or post immunization encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (e.g., acute disseminated

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Approach to Seizures    Definition  A seizure is a paroxysmal event due to abnormal, excessive, hypersynchronous discharges from an aggregate of central nervous system (CNS) neurons.  Epilepsy describes a condition in which a person has recurrent seizures due to a

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