Contrast Induced Nephropathy (CIN)   CIN is defined as a deterioration of renal function (defined as an increase in serum creatinine by more than 25%) within 3 days of intravascular administration of contrast in the absence of an alternative etiology.

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Metabolic Acidosis   Acid-base balance is maintained by pulmonary and renal excretion of carbon dioxide and nonvolatile acid, respectively.   Renal excretion of acid involves the combination of hydrogen ions with urinary titratable acids, particularly phosphate (HPO42- + H+  

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Acute Renal Failure Acute renal failure (ARF) is a syndrome characterized by rapid decline GFR with retention of nitrogenous waste products and perturbation of extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte and acid–base homeostasis. It is defined as a measurable increase in serum creatinine concentration,

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Sodium and water balance    TBW (Males) = 60% of bodyweight    TBW (Females) = 50% of bodyweight    TBW = ECF (1/3rd) + ICF (2/3rd)    ECF = Intravascular (1/4th) + Extra vascular (3/4th)    Plasma Osmolarity = = 2[Na+] + [Glucose]/18 + [BUN]/2.8 +

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