Ventilator Weaning:    In most patients, mechanical ventilation can be discontinued as soon as the underlying reason for acute respiratory failure has been resolved. Hence, the first step in ventilator weaning is to reverse the process that caused the

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Mechanical Ventilation: Respiratory failure is caused by failure to oxygenate (Type I respiratory failure), with resultant decrease in PO2 or failure to ventilate (Type II respiratory failure), with a resultant increase in PCO2.  Breathing Pattern consists of a Control variable,

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Airway Management:  Emergency airway management is associated with a high complication rate. Evaluating the patient prior to airway management is important to identify patients with increased risk of failed airways. Induction agents are often required, but most induction agents are

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Capnography:    Capnogram is a plot of PCO2 vs. time or volume.     Physiology:  In expired respiratory gases, capnography directly reflects the elimination of CO2 by the lungs to the anesthesia device. Indirectly, it reflects the production of CO2 by tissues and the circulatory transport

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 Proportional Assist Ventilation    PAV is a spontaneous breathing mode that offers assistance to the patient in proportion to the patient’s effort. It can be considered as adaptive pressure support. In pressure support, the support is a fixed driving pressure.

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Airway Pressure Release Ventilation    Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) mode of mechanical ventilation is an elevated CPAP level with timed pressure releases. This short release for brief periods along with spontaneous breathing promotes CO2 elimination. Release time is short enough

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