Acute Coronary Syndrome  Classification of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is essential for guiding treatment strategies and assessing prognosis. The primary classification system divides ACS into three main categories based on electrocardiographic (ECG) findings and biomarker levels:  ST-segment elevation myocardial

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Heart Failure is heart’s inability to eject blood (systolic dysfunction) or fill with blood (diastolic dysfunction), causing circulatory congestion, dyspnea, fatigue and weakness. Acute HF is a sudden reduction in cardiac performance, resulting in acute pulmonary edema and hypotension with or

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Tachycardia  Tachycardia is defined as a heart rate above 100 beats per minute, but symptomatic tachycardia generally involves rates over 150 beats per minute, unless underlying ventricular dysfunction exists. Management of tachyarrhythmias is determined by the presence of clinical symptoms

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Hypertensive Emergencies Patients with a systolic BP (SBP) > 179 mm Hg or a diastolic BP (DBP) > 109 mm Hg are usually considered to be having a “hypertensive crisis.” Severe elevations in BP were classified as hypertensive emergencies in

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Cardiac Arrest Sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death refer to the sudden cessation of cardiac activity with hemodynamic collapse, typically due to sustained ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation.    Etiology: Coronary artery disease – 70% of sudden cardiac arrests are due to CAD. Other structural

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Basic Life Support (BLS)      Immediate recognition and activation, early CPR, and rapid defibrillation (when appropriate) are the first three BLS links in the adult Chain of Survival. Patient survival depends primarily upon immediate initiation of excellent CPR and early defibrillation. AHA Guidelines 2015  

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Cardiac Tamponade:  Cardiac tamponade – Characterized by the accumulation of pericardial fluid under pressure.   Constrictive pericarditis – Scarring of pericardium with resultant loss of elasticity of the pericardial sac.   An important pathophysiologic feature of both cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis is

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Basic Views:    Parasternal long axis view (PLAX)  The parasternal long axis view is commonly the first view obtained in an echo examination and is useful for assessing contractility visually, assess mitral and aortic valves, calculating ejection fraction in M-mode, detecting regional

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